The Blunt-nosed Leaf Hopper
Source
Showing posts with label Cranberry False Blossom. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Cranberry False Blossom. Show all posts
Monday, April 2, 2012
Monday, March 5, 2012
Tuesday, February 21, 2012
1928 - Insect studies in relation to Cranberry false blossom disease
1. Euscelis striatulus. OLD NAME
Scleroracus vaccinii (van Duzee 1890h: 135 ) NEW NAME
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Irene Dobrosky
Cranberry Insects C. S. Beckwith
Click Here to read.
Click here to read.
Irene Dobrosky
Cranberry Insects C. S. Beckwith
Click Here to read.
Monday, February 20, 2012
Sunday, February 19, 2012
Cranberry False Blossom
1892 Dmitri Iwanowski infects plant with fluid filtered though a fine ceramic filter that removed all bacteria.
1898, Martinus Beijerinick confirmed Iwanowski's work with Tobacco Mosaic Virus and contagium vivum fluidum ('soluble living germ').
1907. False Blossom described affecting certain bogs in Wisconsin.
1907 C.L. Shear was the first scientist to describe the False Blossom condition which he did through a letter to the Wisconsin Cranberry Growers Association. This condition was referred to as phyllody, a situation where leaf growth occurs in flowers.
1910 Nature versus nurture
1910 Potential relationship between Cranberry False Blossom and viruses.
1913. Heredity versus Nurture in the development of Cranberry False Blossom.
1915 - Cranberry False Blossom first found in New Jersey
1916 C. L. Shear - False Blossom of the cultivated cranberry.
1917-18 Virus like Cranberry False Blossom
1920 Varietal Susceptibility to False Blossom in Cranberries
1926. Popular Mechanics, Viruses and Cranberry False Blossom.
1926 - All cranberry bogs in New Jersey infected with False Blossom.
1927. Viruses are suggested as a possible agent for False Blossom in Cranberries.
1929 Beckwith and Hutton - Cranberry False Blossom and the Blunt Nosed Grasshopper.
1931. Cranberry Industry In Critical State Through False Blossom Disease
1932 A Preliminary Report Cranberry False Blossom in Wisconsin
1933. A Factor In The Varietal Resistance Of Cranberries To the False Blossom Disease.
1933 Cranberry Problems in Wisconsin
1939. Cranberry False Blossom Campaign in final stage.
1943 Viruses in relationship to The growth of plants.
1953 Advances in Virus Research grasshopper preference for cranberry varieties.
1968. Grasshopper Vector, Virus Transmission and Cranberry False Blossom.
1970 Mycoplasmalike organisms in sieve Tube elements of plants infected with blueberry stunt And cranberry false blossom.
19. Breeding the American Cranberry
19. Cranberry Cultivars
1898, Martinus Beijerinick confirmed Iwanowski's work with Tobacco Mosaic Virus and contagium vivum fluidum ('soluble living germ').
1907. False Blossom described affecting certain bogs in Wisconsin.
1907 C.L. Shear was the first scientist to describe the False Blossom condition which he did through a letter to the Wisconsin Cranberry Growers Association. This condition was referred to as phyllody, a situation where leaf growth occurs in flowers.
1910 Nature versus nurture
1910 Potential relationship between Cranberry False Blossom and viruses.
1913. Heredity versus Nurture in the development of Cranberry False Blossom.
1915 - Cranberry False Blossom first found in New Jersey
1916 C. L. Shear - False Blossom of the cultivated cranberry.
1917-18 Virus like Cranberry False Blossom
1920 Varietal Susceptibility to False Blossom in Cranberries
1926. Popular Mechanics, Viruses and Cranberry False Blossom.
1926 - All cranberry bogs in New Jersey infected with False Blossom.
1927. Viruses are suggested as a possible agent for False Blossom in Cranberries.
1929 Beckwith and Hutton - Cranberry False Blossom and the Blunt Nosed Grasshopper.
1931. Cranberry Industry In Critical State Through False Blossom Disease
1932 A Preliminary Report Cranberry False Blossom in Wisconsin
1933. A Factor In The Varietal Resistance Of Cranberries To the False Blossom Disease.
1933 Cranberry Problems in Wisconsin
1939. Cranberry False Blossom Campaign in final stage.
1943 Viruses in relationship to The growth of plants.
1953 Advances in Virus Research grasshopper preference for cranberry varieties.
1968. Grasshopper Vector, Virus Transmission and Cranberry False Blossom.
1970 Mycoplasmalike organisms in sieve Tube elements of plants infected with blueberry stunt And cranberry false blossom.
19. Breeding the American Cranberry
19. Cranberry Cultivars
Saturday, February 18, 2012
Saturday, January 28, 2012
FALSE BLOSSOM was prevalent on three varieties in Wisconsin by 1906. The disease was first found in Massachusetts in 1914 and in New Jersey in 1915, and was general in those States by 1924. Apparently the disease ,Was carried there in infected vines from Wisconsin.
The disease gets its name from the abnormal character of the flowers, which, instead of hanging downward, become erect and have enlarged, greenish, and somewhat leaflike calyx lobes. The petals are shorter, broader, and reddish or greenish. The stamens and pistils are more or less malformed. No fruit is produced.
BY 1928 false blossom threatened to wipe out the cranberry industry in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. It caused a reduction in the crop in Wisconsin and a downward trend in production in New Jersey,which began about 1924 and was strikingly evident by 1932. Many bogs in Massachusetts also were seriously affected.
Irene Dobrosky, a research worker in New Jersey, proved in 1927 that false blossom is caused by a virus carried by the blunt-nosed leafhopper. Earlier investigators had believed it was due to a disturbance in nutrition.
Dr. L. O. Kunkel, of the Boyce Thompson Institute, had suggested in 1924 that leafhoppers might be the carriers. A survey in 1925 and 1926 had shown that only one genus of leafhopper occurred in the regions in which false blossom was abundant and that it was not present in Washington and Oregon, where false blossom was found not to spread.
No cultivated varieties of cranberries are free from false blossom, but they vary in susceptibility. Howes is very susceptible. Shaw's Success, a variety not commonly grown, is the most resistant. Early Black and McFarlin are intermediate. The resistance is not an actual resistance that is due to opposition offered by the plant to infection by the disease. It is due, rather, to a difference in the preference of leafhoppers to feed on the different varieties.
The Department of Agriculture began a breeding program in 1929 to develop good, resistant varieties. Crosses in which one or both parents were known to be somewhat resistant to false blossom were made in Wisconsin and Massachusetts. From the crosses 10,685 seedlings have been grown. From a cross made at the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station 112 other seedlings have been grown. Forty of the more promising seedlings, including six from the New Jersey crosses, were selected in 1940. In addition 182 other selections were made in 1945, making a total Of 222 seedlings selected for a second test.
A selective feeding test; a "cafeteria test" for leafhoppers, to ascertain susceptibility to false blossom was made in 1945 on 362 seedlings selected in 1944. In the test leafhoppers that spread the disease were allowed a choice of different varieties on which to feed. Since the attractiveness of different varieties to leafhoppers seemed to be correlated with the rate of spread of the disease on those varieties in the field, the method was valuable in evaluating the probable resistance of the seedlings. Seedlings with the poorest ratings in the test were discarded, and 93 were included among the 182 selected in 1945 for a second test.
The 40 selections made in 1940 were planted in rod-square plots in New Jersey in 1941. Selections were made from them in 1945 and again in 1949. From the latter, three were named Beckwith, Stevens, and Wilcox. Plans for their distribution to growers in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin have been made so they can be tested on a large scale.
Further tests of the 40 selections of 1940, the 93 selections of 1945, and some others were started in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, in the hope that new, healthier, and better varieties can be developed.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL DISEASE is one that injures or kills any part of a plant, without involving a fungus or other parasitic organism, or any disturbance of the normal growth or behavior of a plant. Such injury to flower buds and growing tips of cranberry vines, often severe enough to cause their death, was observed in 1919 as a result of flooding bogs in June to control insects. The most serious injury of this kind to cranberries is caused by winter flooding.
Cranberry bogs usually are flooded in winter as a protection against winter killing. The practice often hurts crop production. When submerged for a long time, cranberry vines may be so injured that their yield the following summer is reduced or destroyed.
The possibility that the injury might be due to a lack of oxygen in the flooding water was suggested by the fact that its lack caused injury to buds, flowers, and growing tips of vines in June flooding. Winter-flooding water often contains little or no oxygen. Injury occurs only on bogs on which the oxygen content of the water was very low at some time during the winter.
Investigations in Massachusetts proved that forms of injury not previously recognized as such are caused by a lack of oxygen during the winter. Observations in New Jersey showed that serious injury from winter flooding occurs there also.
Source
The disease gets its name from the abnormal character of the flowers, which, instead of hanging downward, become erect and have enlarged, greenish, and somewhat leaflike calyx lobes. The petals are shorter, broader, and reddish or greenish. The stamens and pistils are more or less malformed. No fruit is produced.
BY 1928 false blossom threatened to wipe out the cranberry industry in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. It caused a reduction in the crop in Wisconsin and a downward trend in production in New Jersey,which began about 1924 and was strikingly evident by 1932. Many bogs in Massachusetts also were seriously affected.
Irene Dobrosky, a research worker in New Jersey, proved in 1927 that false blossom is caused by a virus carried by the blunt-nosed leafhopper. Earlier investigators had believed it was due to a disturbance in nutrition.
Dr. L. O. Kunkel, of the Boyce Thompson Institute, had suggested in 1924 that leafhoppers might be the carriers. A survey in 1925 and 1926 had shown that only one genus of leafhopper occurred in the regions in which false blossom was abundant and that it was not present in Washington and Oregon, where false blossom was found not to spread.
No cultivated varieties of cranberries are free from false blossom, but they vary in susceptibility. Howes is very susceptible. Shaw's Success, a variety not commonly grown, is the most resistant. Early Black and McFarlin are intermediate. The resistance is not an actual resistance that is due to opposition offered by the plant to infection by the disease. It is due, rather, to a difference in the preference of leafhoppers to feed on the different varieties.
The Department of Agriculture began a breeding program in 1929 to develop good, resistant varieties. Crosses in which one or both parents were known to be somewhat resistant to false blossom were made in Wisconsin and Massachusetts. From the crosses 10,685 seedlings have been grown. From a cross made at the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station 112 other seedlings have been grown. Forty of the more promising seedlings, including six from the New Jersey crosses, were selected in 1940. In addition 182 other selections were made in 1945, making a total Of 222 seedlings selected for a second test.
A selective feeding test; a "cafeteria test" for leafhoppers, to ascertain susceptibility to false blossom was made in 1945 on 362 seedlings selected in 1944. In the test leafhoppers that spread the disease were allowed a choice of different varieties on which to feed. Since the attractiveness of different varieties to leafhoppers seemed to be correlated with the rate of spread of the disease on those varieties in the field, the method was valuable in evaluating the probable resistance of the seedlings. Seedlings with the poorest ratings in the test were discarded, and 93 were included among the 182 selected in 1945 for a second test.
The 40 selections made in 1940 were planted in rod-square plots in New Jersey in 1941. Selections were made from them in 1945 and again in 1949. From the latter, three were named Beckwith, Stevens, and Wilcox. Plans for their distribution to growers in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin have been made so they can be tested on a large scale.
Further tests of the 40 selections of 1940, the 93 selections of 1945, and some others were started in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, in the hope that new, healthier, and better varieties can be developed.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL DISEASE is one that injures or kills any part of a plant, without involving a fungus or other parasitic organism, or any disturbance of the normal growth or behavior of a plant. Such injury to flower buds and growing tips of cranberry vines, often severe enough to cause their death, was observed in 1919 as a result of flooding bogs in June to control insects. The most serious injury of this kind to cranberries is caused by winter flooding.
Cranberry bogs usually are flooded in winter as a protection against winter killing. The practice often hurts crop production. When submerged for a long time, cranberry vines may be so injured that their yield the following summer is reduced or destroyed.
The possibility that the injury might be due to a lack of oxygen in the flooding water was suggested by the fact that its lack caused injury to buds, flowers, and growing tips of vines in June flooding. Winter-flooding water often contains little or no oxygen. Injury occurs only on bogs on which the oxygen content of the water was very low at some time during the winter.
Investigations in Massachusetts proved that forms of injury not previously recognized as such are caused by a lack of oxygen during the winter. Observations in New Jersey showed that serious injury from winter flooding occurs there also.
Source
Wednesday, January 25, 2012
Tuesday, January 24, 2012
Saturday, January 21, 2012
Friday, January 20, 2012
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
Blunt-Nosed Leaf Hopper
Source
USNM; ♂; 'Woodland NJ'; On Cranberry; Coll.: W E tomlinson; Date: vi-18-1916
i14148
USNM; ♂; 'Woodland NJ'; On Cranberry; Coll.: W E tomlinson; Date: vi-18-1916
i14149
USNM; ♂; 'Pemberton NJ'; ex Chamaedaphne; Coll.: W E tomlinson; Date: vi-30-1946
i14150
USNM; ♀; 'Pemberton NJ'; ex Chamaedaphne; Coll.: W E tomlinson; Date: vi-30-1946
i14151
USNM; ♂; 'Woodland NJ'; ex Cranberry; Coll.: W E tomlinson; Date: vi-18-1916
i14152
USNM; ♂; 'Woodland NJ'; On Cranberry; Coll.: W E tomlinson; Date: vi-18-1916
NMW Image No. i14148
Scleroracus vaccinii (van Duzee 1890h: 135 )
Membracoidea : Cicadellidae
Diseases Transmitted
DistributionPest StatusSpecies Identification & EcologyTaxonomyReferencesResources
(simplified continental distribution)
Geographical Distribution:
North America
Recorded Distribution(s):
This species is most abundant in the Northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Medler (1958) examined - specimens from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Canadian Provinces of Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec.
Record last updated - 22/10/2010
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